張擇端，字正道，漢族，瑯琊東武(今山東諸城)人。北宋畫家。宣和年間任翰林待詔，擅畫樓觀、屋宇、林木、人物。所作風(fēng)俗畫市肆、橋梁、街道、城郭刻畫細(xì)致，界畫精確，豆人寸馬，形象如生。存世作品有《清明上河圖》、《金明池爭(zhēng)標(biāo)圖》等，皆為我國(guó)古代的藝術(shù)珍品。
Zhang Zeduan, the Han nationality, was born in Dongwu, Langya. Painters of the Northern Song Dynasty. In Xuanhe period, he was an imperial official, and was good at painting buildings, houses, trees and figures. The custom painting of shops, bridges, streets and city walls is detailed and accurate. The image of bean people is like a living horse. The existing works include the picture of Qingming River and the picture of Jinming pool, which are all the art treasures of ancient China.
清明上河圖，中國(guó)十大傳世名畫之一。為北宋風(fēng)俗畫，北宋畫家張擇端僅見的存世精品，屬國(guó)寶級(jí)文物，現(xiàn)藏于北京故宮博物院。
Qingming Riverside painting is one of the top ten Chinese paintings handed down from generation to generation. It is a folk painting of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is a national treasure. It is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
清明上河圖寬25.2厘米，長(zhǎng)528.7厘米，絹本設(shè)色。作品以長(zhǎng)卷形式，采用散點(diǎn)透視構(gòu)圖法，生動(dòng)記錄了中國(guó)十二世紀(jì)北宋汴京的城市面貌和當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)各階層人民的生活狀況。是汴京當(dāng)年繁榮的見證，也是北宋城市經(jīng)濟(jì)情況的寫照。
Qingming Riverside map is 25.2 cm wide and 528.7 cm long, with colored silk. In the form of long scroll, the work adopts the scattered perspective composition method to vividly record the urban appearance of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty in the 12th century in China and the living conditions of people of all walks of life at that time. It is the witness of Bianjing's prosperity at that time, and also the portrayal of the city's economic situation in the Northern Song Dynasty.
這在中國(guó)乃至世界繪畫史上都是獨(dú)一無二的。在五米多長(zhǎng)的畫卷里，共繪了814個(gè)各色人物，牛、騾、驢等牲畜73匹，車、轎二十多輛，大小船只二十九艘。房屋、橋梁、城樓等各有特色，體現(xiàn)了宋代建筑的特征。具有很高的歷史價(jià)值和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。
This is unique in the history of painting in China and even in the world. In the five meter long scroll, 814 people of various colors were painted, including 73 cattle, mules and donkeys, more than 20 cars and sedans, and 29 ships. Houses, bridges and city buildings have their own characteristics, which reflect the characteristics of architecture in Song Dynasty. It has high historical and artistic value.
《清明上河圖》結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，長(zhǎng)而不沉，“廣闊而不粗疏，縝密而不瑣碎”，展現(xiàn)了畫家精湛的繪畫技能。整個(gè)畫卷猶如一曲震撼人心的交響樂，在起伏跌宕中展開畫卷，在繁華熱鬧的場(chǎng)景中逐步走向高潮，最后又回歸平靜。畫卷可分為郊外風(fēng)光、汴河場(chǎng)景、城內(nèi)街市三部分。展開畫卷首先映入眼簾的是薄霧籠罩下的村舍、農(nóng)家、草橋、老樹、扁舟等，在春回大地之際柳枝發(fā)芽，迸發(fā)出勃勃生機(jī)，裊裊炊煙緩緩升起，遠(yuǎn)處有小橋流水，仿佛能聽到涓涓的流水聲。清晨，幾個(gè)腳夫趕著毛驢進(jìn)城。路上有轎夫、挑夫、馬匹等，人們?cè)诖掖颐γM(jìn)城，還有從京郊掃墓歸來的人。
"Qingming Riverside" has a rigorous structure, long but not heavy, "broad but not rough, meticulous but not trivial", which shows the artist's superb painting skills. The whole picture is like a heart shaking symphony, unfolding in the ups and downs, gradually reaching the climax in the bustling scene, and finally returning to peace. The painting can be divided into three parts: suburban scenery, Bianhe scene and city market. Unfolding the scroll, the first things that come into view are the cottages, farmhouses, grass bridges, old trees, boats, etc. shrouded in mist. When spring returns to the earth, the willows sprout and burst out with vitality. The smoke rises slowly. There is a small bridge running water in the distance, as if the sound of trickling water can be heard. In the early morning, several porters drove donkeys into the city. On the road, there are sedan bearers, porters, horses, etc. people are rushing into the city, as well as people returning from tomb sweeping in the suburbs of Beijing.
畫卷的中段是繁忙熱鬧的汴河碼頭，也是畫卷的精彩部分。在繁華的汴河兩岸人煙稠密、高樓林立、糧船云集，畫卷中有人在茶舍休息，有人在飯館吃飯，有人在街上閑逛。一座結(jié)構(gòu)精巧、規(guī)模宏大的虹橋橫跨于汴河之上，橋上橋下熱鬧非凡，橋上人頭攢動(dòng)，熙熙攘攘，有輛獨(dú)輪車和兩只騾子正向虹橋走來。橋面上抬著轎子的兩人在吆喝行人讓路，而迎面走來兩個(gè)騎馬的達(dá)官貴人。橋下的汴河中船只穿梭往來。有的船只正在卸貨，有的逆流而上。有的停在岸邊，構(gòu)成了繁忙的社會(huì)景象。一艘滿載貨物的大船從橋底緩緩穿過，船夫們?cè)诖厦β挡煌?，有人用竹竿撐船，有人用竹竿頂著橋梁，還有人用手挽著麻繩，橋上和河岸兩邊站著許多圍觀的人，有人探頭向前望去，有人在指手畫腳，有人若無其事，有人在擔(dān)心船只的安全。
The middle part of the picture is the busy Bianhe wharf, which is also a wonderful part of the picture. On both sides of the prosperous Bianhe River, there are dense people, tall buildings and grain boats. In the picture, some people rest in teahouses, some eat in restaurants, and some stroll in the street. A Hong Bridge with exquisite structure and large scale is across the Bian river. There is a lot of people on the bridge. A unicycle and two mules are walking towards the Hong Bridge. On the bridge deck, two people carrying sedan chairs were calling for pedestrians to give way, while two dignitaries on horseback were coming. Under the bridge, boats shuttle in the Bian river. Some ships are unloading, others are going upstream. Some stopped on the shore, forming a busy social scene. A large ship full of goods slowly passed through the bottom of the bridge. The boatmen were busy on the boat. Some people used bamboo poles to prop the boat, some people used bamboo poles to support the bridge, and some people used their hands to hold hemp ropes. There were many onlookers standing on the bridge and on both sides of the river bank. Some people were looking forward, some were pointing their hands and drawing their feet, some were as if nothing had happened, and some were worried about the safety of the ship.
第三部分是以城樓為中心的市區(qū)街道，也是畫卷的高潮之處。街道兩旁樓宇林立，官府衙門、民居宅院、城樓高臺(tái)，還有酒館、肉鋪、茶館、廟宇、藥店、商店、肉鋪、廟觀等，大的商店和宅院都張燈結(jié)彩，掛著各種招牌，如正店、孫羊店、趙太丞家等。街道上人來人往，川流不息，有騎馬的官吏、叫賣的小販、坐轎的家眷、問路的游客、行乞的老人、背簍的僧人等，可謂是男女老幼、官商士紳無所不有。認(rèn)真觀察可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，轎子里的豪門貴族傲氣自矜，酒樓上的紈绔子弟肆意狂歡，街上的小販不停地叫賣著東西，城門邊的殘疾老人靜靜等待別人的施舍。在畫卷末端，畫家安排了一個(gè)背著包袱、手提盒子的問路人，他抬頭展望著遠(yuǎn)方，這給畫卷留下了一種“言已盡而味無窮”的審美意味。
The third part is the urban street centered on the tower, which is also the climax of the painting. There are many buildings on both sides of the street, such as government yamen, residential houses, high platforms of city buildings, pubs, meat shops, teahouses, temples, drugstores, shops, meat shops, temples and so on. Large shops and houses are decorated with lights and signs, such as Zhengdian, sunyang shop, Zhao Taicheng's house, etc. The streets are full of people, including officials on horseback, hawkers, family members in sedan chairs, tourists asking for directions, old beggars, monks carrying baskets and so on. Careful observation shows that the aristocrats in the sedan chair are arrogant, the dandies in the restaurants are carnival, the peddlers in the street are hawking, and the disabled old people at the city gate are waiting for handouts. At the end of the scroll, the painter arranges a person with a bag and a portable box to ask the way. He looks up and looks into the distance, which leaves an aesthetic meaning of "words are exhausted and taste is endless".
《清明上河圖》直觀地反映出當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的狀況，也順應(yīng)了商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需求，還迎合了諸多新興市民階層對(duì)藝術(shù)的審美感受，所以被無數(shù)群眾所追捧，并逐步被北宋宮廷統(tǒng)治者所了解、接受與欣賞。在這部經(jīng)典之作中，張擇端選擇了將現(xiàn)實(shí)主義創(chuàng)作思想與浪漫主義思想緊密結(jié)合起來，并運(yùn)用長(zhǎng)卷的形式進(jìn)行整體構(gòu)圖，并借助散點(diǎn)透視的方式讓整個(gè)畫面擴(kuò)充了容量，以便于描繪復(fù)雜多元的事物，并且讓畫面產(chǎn)生出一種戲劇性的變化，讓人物在狹窄的畫卷中具有高度的藝術(shù)凝聚力與概括力，因此，這是一幅國(guó)寶級(jí)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義藝術(shù)珍品。
"Qingming Riverside map" directly reflects the social situation at that time, conforms to the needs of the development of commodity economy, and caters to the aesthetic feeling of many new citizens. Therefore, it is sought after by countless people and gradually understood, accepted and appreciated by the court rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty. In this classic work, Zhang Zeduan chose to combine realism with romanticism, and used the form of long volume to make the whole picture. With the help of scattered perspective, the whole picture expanded its capacity, so as to depict complex and diverse things, and make the picture produce a dramatic change, Let the characters in the narrow picture with a high degree of artistic cohesion and generalization, therefore, this is a national treasure of realistic art treasures.
此幅畫為畫冊(cè)版里的印刷品，1993年之前（年份）。
This painting is the printed matter in the album, before 1993 (year).
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