宣德爐,是由明宣宗朱瞻基在大明宣德三年參與設(shè)計(jì)監(jiān)造的銅香爐,簡(jiǎn)稱“宣爐”。宣德爐它是中國(guó)歷史上第一次運(yùn)用風(fēng)磨銅鑄成的銅器。
為了制作出精品的銅爐,在朱瞻基的親自督促下,整個(gè)制作過程,包括煉銅、造型必須自《宣和博古圖》《考古圖》等典籍及內(nèi)府密藏的數(shù)百件宋元名窯中,精選出符合適用對(duì)象、款制大雅的形制,將之繪成圖樣,再呈給其親覽,并說明圖款的來源和典故的出處,經(jīng)過篩選確定后,再鑄成實(shí)物樣品讓其過目,滿意后方準(zhǔn)開鑄。
Xuande stove is a copper censer, which was designed and supervised by Zhu Zhanji, Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty in the third year of Xuande of Ming Dynasty. Xuande furnace is the first copper ware made of wind mill copper in Chinese history.
Under Zhu Zhanji's personal supervision, in order to make a high-quality copper stove, the whole production process, including copper smelting and modeling, must be selected from the Xuan he Bo Gu Tu, archaeological Tu and other ancient books as well as hundreds of famous kilns of song and Yuan Dynasties in neifu's Secret collection, and the shapes that meet the applicable objects and are elegant in money system should be drawn, and then presented to them for personal inspection, and the source of money and allusions should be explained, After screening and confirmation, we can cast the real sample and let it have a look
宣德爐是中國(guó)歷史上第一次運(yùn)用黃銅鑄成的銅器。為制作精品的銅爐,明朝宣德皇帝曾親自督促,這在歷史上實(shí)屬少見。宣德爐以色澤為亮點(diǎn),其色內(nèi)融。此件宣德爐以黃銅制成,底書“大明宣德年制”楷書款,帶底座。其爐身形制規(guī)整,敦厚之中不失靈巧精致,作為書房陳設(shè)頗為雅致。焚香其內(nèi),數(shù)百年歷史的厚重感隨香外溢。它通體光素,盡顯銅爐精純美質(zhì),銅質(zhì)精良,入手沉甸。此“宣德爐”來源于紐約佳士得2012年9月紐約洛克菲勒中心拍賣會(huì),流失海外多年,如今漂洋過海重歸祖國(guó)懷抱,且品相完好,相當(dāng)珍貴。[1]
大明宣德爐的基本形制是敞口、方唇或圓唇,頸矮而細(xì),扁鼓腹,三鈍錐形實(shí)足或分襠空足,口沿上置橋形耳或了形耳或獸形耳,銘文年款多于爐外底,與宣德瓷器款近似。
除銅之外,還有金、銀等貴重材料加入,所以爐質(zhì)特別細(xì)膩,呈暗紫色或黑褐色。一般爐料要經(jīng)四煉,而宣德爐要經(jīng)十二煉,因此爐質(zhì)會(huì)更加純細(xì),如嬰兒膚。鎏金或嵌金片的宣德爐金光閃閃,能夠給人—種不同凡器的感覺。
宣德爐最妙在色,其色內(nèi)融,從黯淡中發(fā)奇光。史料記載有四十多種色澤,為世人鐘愛,其色的名稱很多。例如,紫帶青黑似茄皮的,叫茄皮色;黑黃像藏經(jīng)紙的,叫藏經(jīng)色;黑白帶紅淡黃色的,叫褐色;如舊玉之土沁色的,叫土古色;白黃帶紅似棠梨之色的,叫棠梨色,還有黃紅色的地、套上五彩斑點(diǎn)的,叫仿宋燒斑色;比朱砂還鮮紅的斑,叫朱紅斑;輕及豬肝色、棗紅色、琥珀色、茶葉末、蟹殼青等等。明朝萬歷年間大鑒賞家、收藏家、畫家項(xiàng)元汴(子京)說:“宣爐之妙,在寶色內(nèi)涵珠光,外現(xiàn)澹澹穆穆。”
宣德爐放在火上燒久了,色彩燦爛多變,如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間放在火上即使扔在污泥中,拭去泥污,也與從前—樣。
明末清初文人騷客冒襄(董小宛的丈夫),愛好品玩宣德爐,他寫有《宣銅爐歌》及《宣爐歌注》,及《宣銅爐歌為方坦庵先生賦》,“有爐光怪真異絕,肌膩肉好神清和。窄邊蚰耳藏經(jīng)色,黃云隱躍窮雕磨。”這是冒襄對(duì)宣德爐的描述。
正如《宣銅爐歌》里所歌:“撫今追昔再三嘆,憐汝不異諸銅駝。一爐非小関一代,列圣徳沢相漸摩”,宣銅爐可說是紀(jì)錄了明王朝全盛期的歷史見證。另外,從冒襄的《影梅庵憶語》中可以得知,宣銅爐同時(shí)也寄托了冒襄對(duì)愛妾董小宛的思念之情。對(duì)冒襄來說,一個(gè)宣銅爐,既勾起了他對(duì)明王朝的故國(guó)之思,也勾起了他對(duì)董小宛的思念之情Xuande furnace is the first bronze ware made of brass in Chinese history. Emperor Xuande of the Ming Dynasty personally urged the production of high-quality copper stoves, which is rare in history. Xuande stove takes color as the highlight, and its color is melted inside. This Xuande stove is made of brass, with regular script of "Xuande year system of Ming Dynasty" on the bottom, and a base. The shape of the stove is regular, honest and exquisite, which is quite elegant as a study furnishing. Inside the incense burning, the heavy feeling of hundreds of years of history overflows with the incense. It is full of light element, showing the pure and beautiful quality of copper furnace. The copper quality is excellent and heavy. This "Xuande stove" came from Christie's auction of Rockefeller Center in New York in September 2012. It has been lost overseas for many years, and now it has returned to the embrace of the motherland. It is in good condition and very precious[ 1]
The basic shape of Xuande furnace in Ming Dynasty is open, square or round lip, short and thin neck, flat and bulging belly, three blunt cone-shaped solid feet or split crotch empty feet, with bridge shaped ears, Le shaped ears or animal shaped ears on the top of the mouth. The year of inscription is more than the bottom of the furnace, which is similar to Xuande porcelain.
In addition to copper, there are gold, silver and other valuable materials added, so the furnace quality is particularly delicate, dark purple or dark brown. Generally, the furnace charge has to be refined four times, while Xuande furnace has to be refined twelve times, so the furnace quality will be more pure and fine, such as baby skin. The gilded or inlaid Xuande stove is glittering, which can give people a different feeling.
Xuande furnace is the most wonderful in color, its color in fusion, from the dark in the hair. According to historical records, there are more than 40 kinds of colors, which are loved by the world. For example, purple with green black eggplant skin, called eggplant skin color; Black and yellow like Sutra paper, called Sutra color; Black and white with red and light yellow, called brown; If the earth of the old jade is Qin colored, it is called ancient earth color; White yellow with red like the color of Tang pear, called Tang pear color, and yellow red ground, covered with colorful spots, called song Shao spot color; More than cinnabar also bright red spot, called vermilion; Light and pig liver color, jujube red, amber, tea powder, crab shell green and so on. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Xiang yuanbian (Zijing), a great connoisseur, collector and painter, said: "the beauty of xuanlu lies in the Pearl in the color of treasure, and the Danmu outside."
The Xuande stove has been burning on the fire for a long time, and its color is bright and changeable. If it is put on the fire for a long time, even if it is thrown in the mud, it will be the same as before.
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the literati poet Mao Xiang (Dong Xiaowan's husband) loved to play with Xuande stove. He wrote Xuantong stove song and xuanlu song notes, Xuantong stove song is a fu for Mr. Fang Tan'an, and "the light of the stove is strange, the truth is different, the flesh is greasy, the spirit is clear and harmonious.". The narrow side scorpion ear has the color of Sutra, and Huang yunyin is carving and grinding. " This is the description of Xuande furnace by Maoxiang.
Just like the song of Xuantong furnace: "looking back on the past and looking back on the present, I feel sorry for you, just like all the bronze camels. One furnace is not a small one, but a group of sages and Morales gradually rub each other. "Xuantong furnace can be said to be a historical witness of the heyday of Ming Dynasty. In addition, it can be seen from the memory of Yingmei nunnery written by Maoxiang that Xuantong stove also expresses his yearning for his concubine Dong Xiaowan. For Maoxiang, a Xuantong stove not only reminds him of the homeland of Ming Dynasty, but also reminds him of Dong Xiaowan
明代宣德皇帝(朱棣之孫)在位時(shí),為滿足玩賞香爐的嗜好,特下令從暹羅國(guó)進(jìn)口一批紅銅,責(zé)成宮廷御匠呂震和工部侍郎吳邦佐,參照皇府內(nèi)藏的柴窯、汝窯、官窯、哥窯、鈞窯、定窯名瓷器的款式,及《宣和博古圖錄》《考古圖》等史籍,設(shè)計(jì)和監(jiān)制香爐。
為保證香爐的質(zhì)量,呂震戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢地稟告皇上,欲制造出好香爐,銅還得精煉六遍。煉一遍,少一些,六遍下來,原料只會(huì)剩下一半。宣德皇帝財(cái)大氣粗,精品意識(shí)超強(qiáng),他當(dāng)即下旨精煉的次數(shù)不僅不減,還要翻番(煉十二次),并加入金銀等貴金屬。于是工藝師挑選了金、銀等幾十種貴重金屬,與紅銅一起經(jīng)過十多次的精心鑄煉。經(jīng)過巨大的努力,宣德三年,極品銅香爐終于制作成功。
這批紅銅共鑄造出3000座香爐,以后再也沒有出品,宣德帝見到這批自己親自過問的香爐,每只均大氣異常,寶光四射,很有成就感。這些香爐,把其絕大部分陳設(shè)在宮廷的各個(gè)地方,也有一小部分賞賜和分發(fā)給了皇親國(guó)戚,功名顯赫的近臣和各個(gè)有規(guī)模香火旺盛的廟宇。這些宣德爐普通百姓只知其名未見其形。經(jīng)過數(shù)百年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨,真正宣德三年鑄造的銅香爐極為罕見。During the reign of emperor Xuande (the grandson of Zhu Di) in the Ming Dynasty, in order to satisfy his hobby of enjoying censers, he ordered to import a batch of red copper from Siam, and instructed LV Zhen, the Royal craftsman, and Wu bangzuo, the Minister of the Ministry of industry, to design and manufacture censers according to the styles of Chai kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln, Ding kiln famous porcelain, Xuanhe Bogu atlas, archaeological map and other historical records.
In order to ensure the quality of the censer, LV Zhen told the emperor that if he wanted to make a good censer, he had to refine the copper six times. Refining once, less, six times down, only half of the raw materials will be left. Emperor Xuande was rich and had a strong sense of high-quality products. He immediately ordered that the number of refining should not be reduced, but also doubled (refining 12 times), and added precious metals such as gold and silver. So the craftsmen selected dozens of precious metals, such as gold, silver, and so on. Together with red copper, they went through more than ten times of careful casting. After great efforts, Xuande three years, the best copper censer was finally made successfully.
A total of 3000 incense burners were made from this batch of red copper, but they were never produced again. Emperor Xuande felt very successful when he saw these incense burners which he personally asked about. Most of these censers were set up in various parts of the palace, and a small part of them were awarded and distributed to the imperial relatives, famous officials and temples. The ordinary people only know its name but not its shape. After hundreds of years of ups and downs, it is extremely rare that the bronze censer was really cast in the third year of Xuande.
大明宣德爐是明代工藝品中的珍品,宣德爐的鑄造成功,開了后世銅爐的先河,在很長(zhǎng)一段歷史中,宣德爐成為銅香爐的通稱。
為了牟取暴利,從明代宣德年間到民國(guó)時(shí)期,古玩商仿制宣德爐活動(dòng)從未間斷。就在宣德爐停止制造后,部分主管“司鑄之事”的官員,召集原來鑄爐工匠,依照宣德爐的圖紙和工藝程序進(jìn)行仿造。這些經(jīng)過精心鑄造的仿品可與真品媲美,專家權(quán)威也無法辨別,至今國(guó)內(nèi)各大博物館內(nèi)收藏的許許多多宣德爐,沒有一件能被眾多鑒定家公認(rèn)為是真正的宣德爐。鑒別真假宣德爐已成為中國(guó)考古學(xué)中的“懸案”之一。
Xuande furnace in Daming is a precious product in Ming Dynasty handicraft. The casting of Xuande furnace has opened the forerunner of copper furnace in the later generations. In a long history, Xuande furnace has become a common name of copper incense stove.
In order to make a profit, from Xuande period of Ming Dynasty to Republic of China, antique merchants imitated Xuande stove activities. After Xuande furnace stopped manufacturing, some officials in charge of "the company casting" called the original furnace craftsmen to imitate according to the drawings and process procedures of Xuande furnace. These carefully cast imitations can be compared with the real ones, and the experts' authority can not distinguish. So far, many Xuande furnaces are collected in the domestic museums. None of them can be recognized by many experts as the real Xuande furnace. It has become one of the "suspense cases" in Chinese archaeology to identify the true and false Xuande furnace.
