【藏品名稱】：古生物化石
[name of collection]: paleontofossil
【藏品規(guī)格】：重：50克
[collection Specification]: weight: 50g
【藏品數(shù)量】：一件
[collection quantity]: one piece
【藏品簡(jiǎn)介】：古生物化石，地質(zhì)學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，古生物化石，指人類史前地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期形成并賦存于地層中的生物遺體和活動(dòng)遺跡，包括植物、無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物、脊椎動(dòng)物等化石及其遺跡化石。古生物化石是地球歷史的見證，是研究生物起源和進(jìn)化等的科學(xué)依據(jù)。古生物化石不同于文物，它是重要的地質(zhì)遺跡，是我國(guó)寶貴的、不可再生的自然遺產(chǎn)。綜合價(jià)值（1）它為國(guó)內(nèi)乃至國(guó)際研究動(dòng)植物生活習(xí)性、繁殖方式及當(dāng)時(shí)的生態(tài)環(huán)境，提供十分珍貴的實(shí)物證據(jù)；（2）對(duì)研究地質(zhì)時(shí)期古地理、古氣候、地球的演變、生物的進(jìn)化等具有不可估量的價(jià)值;（3）探索地球上生物的大批死亡、滅絕事件研究，提供罕見的實(shí)體及實(shí)地。（4）有些特殊、特形化石其本身或經(jīng)加工具有極高的美學(xué)欣賞價(jià)值和收藏價(jià)值，因此，在一定意義上，它也是一種重要的地質(zhì)旅游資源和旅游商品資源。我國(guó)是古生物化石比較發(fā)育的國(guó)家之一，幾乎遍及全國(guó)各地。特別是近年來(lái)先后發(fā)現(xiàn)的河南南陽(yáng)、湖北鄖陽(yáng)、內(nèi)蒙古二連恐龍蛋及骨骼化石，遼西的鳥化石，云南澄江動(dòng)物群化石、山東山旺動(dòng)、植物等珍稀的古生物化石，受到國(guó)際上特別是科學(xué)界的廣泛青睞。
[introduction to collection]: paleontological fossil, a geological term, refers to the biological remains and active remains formed and existing in the strata during the prehistoric geological history of human beings, including plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and their trace fossils. Paleontological fossils are the witness of the earth's history and the scientific basis for studying the origin and evolution of organisms. Different from cultural relics, paleontological fossils are important geological relics and precious and non renewable natural heritage in China. Comprehensive value: (1) it provides very precious physical evidence for domestic and even international research on animal and plant life habits, breeding methods and ecological environment at that time; (2) it has inestimable value for the study of paleogeography, paleoclimate, evolution of the earth and evolution of organisms in geological period; (3) To explore the mass death and extinction events of life on earth, and provide rare entities and on-the-spot information. (4) Some special fossils have high aesthetic appreciation value and collection value. Therefore, in a certain sense, they are also important geological tourism resources and tourism commodity resources. China is one of the countries with relatively developed paleontological fossils, almost all over the country. Especially in recent years, the dinosaur eggs and bones found in Nanyang of Henan, Yunyang of Hubei and Erlian of Inner Mongolia, the bird fossils in western Liaoning, the Chengjiang fauna fossils in Yunnan, the animals and plants in Shanwang of Shandong and other rare paleontological fossils have been widely favored by the international community, especially the scientific community.
我國(guó)有許多重要化石產(chǎn)地，其中有不少是國(guó)家乃至世界的寶貴遺產(chǎn)，以下簡(jiǎn)要介紹我國(guó)重要的古生物化石產(chǎn)地，以及化石研究中的新成果。化石，俗名“龍骨”，是距今約700萬(wàn)年至100萬(wàn)年這一時(shí)期的哺乳動(dòng)物。那時(shí)，榆社曾經(jīng)河湖縱橫，氣候炎熱，草木豐茂。在這河湖之中和岸畔林區(qū)，曾棲息過(guò)大量的魚，陸龜，各種象類，劍齒虎、三趾馬、大唇犀、額鼻角犀、長(zhǎng)頸鹿、付鹿、巨駝、牛鼠和各種豬、羚羊等。它們死后，被水沖入河湖之中，很快被泥沙埋了起來(lái)。它們的肌肉腐爛，而堅(jiān)硬部分和骨骼、牙齒等被巖石中的礦物質(zhì)填充替代，從而形成了化石。化石是研究古地理，古氣候和生物進(jìn)化的珍貴資料和最可靠的依據(jù)，有極大科研價(jià)值。榆社化石不僅數(shù)量大，種類多，層位連續(xù)，延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，而且化石中有一大部分，填補(bǔ)了我國(guó)古哺乳動(dòng)物研究中長(zhǎng)期尋而不得的空白層位（距今大約500萬(wàn)年至200萬(wàn)年）。這一層位，直到現(xiàn)在我國(guó)和全世界仍發(fā)現(xiàn)很少，因而在國(guó)內(nèi)外古哺乳動(dòng)物研究方面占有特殊地位，成為國(guó)內(nèi)外古生物學(xué)家格外注目的一個(gè)地點(diǎn)。
There are many important fossil producing areas in China, many of which are valuable heritages of the country and even the world. The following is a brief introduction of the important fossil producing areas in China and the new achievements in fossil research. Fossil, commonly known as "keel", is a mammal from about 7 million to 1 million years ago. At that time, Yushe had rivers and lakes, hot climate, lush vegetation. In the middle of the river and lake and in the forest area along the bank, a large number of fish, tortoises, various kinds of elephants, Saber Toothed tigers, three toed horses, rhinoceros labialis, rhinoceros frontonarius, giraffes, deer, giant camel, cattle and mice, and all kinds of pigs and antelopes have lived there. After they died, they were washed into rivers and lakes and soon buried by sand. Their muscles decayed, and the hard parts, bones, teeth and so on were replaced by minerals in the rocks, thus forming fossils. Fossils are valuable data and the most reliable basis for the study of paleogeography, paleoclimate and biological evolution. Yushe fossils are not only large in number, many in species, continuous in horizon and long in duration, but also a large part of them fill the blank horizon (about 5 million to 2 million years ago) that cannot be found in the study of ancient mammals in China for a long time. Up to now, this horizon is still rarely found in China and the world, so it occupies a special position in the study of paleomammals at home and abroad, and has become a focus of paleontologists at home and abroad.
山旺古生物化石，山東臨朐山旺古生物化石被列為世界遺產(chǎn)之最，發(fā)掘于臨朐縣城東20公里的山旺村。其間，保存著1800萬(wàn)年前各種動(dòng)植物化石。這些化石，種類繁多，精美完好，印痕清晰，栩栩如生，被譽(yù)為“化石寶庫(kù)”、“萬(wàn)卷書”，是一座古生物化石天然博物館。現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的有10多個(gè)門類，400余種。植物化石有苔蘚、蕨類、裸子植物和被子植物；動(dòng)物化石有昆蟲、魚、兩棲、爬行、鳥和哺乳動(dòng)物各類。山旺化石如圓基香椿、胡桃、昆蟲、玄武蛙、螳螂、蠑螈、龜、鳥、野豬、三角原古鹿、纖細(xì)近五角犀、東方祖熊等化石標(biāo)本已成為重要的旅游商品，廣為收藏。澄江動(dòng)物化石群，在云南澄江縣帽天山，發(fā)現(xiàn)了轟動(dòng)了世界的橙江動(dòng)物群化石。這是目前世界上發(fā)現(xiàn)最古老、保存最完整的軟體動(dòng)物化石群。自1984年發(fā)現(xiàn)“納羅蟲”以后的10年間，近10個(gè)國(guó)家的50多位科學(xué)家在這一帶采集化石約5萬(wàn)塊，它們分別屬于海綿、腔腸、蠕形、節(jié)肢、腕足等動(dòng)物門或超門，有的動(dòng)物因未曾見過(guò)而無(wú)法分屬。科學(xué)家在橙江化石中已發(fā)現(xiàn)40多個(gè)門類的80多種動(dòng)物。橙江化石群中的云南蟲被證實(shí)是地球上最古老的半索動(dòng)物，從而解決了生物進(jìn)化論上一個(gè)最棘手的難題之一，即脊椎動(dòng)物與無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物兩大類別的演化關(guān)系。
Shanwang paleontological fossils, Shandong Linqu Shanwang paleontological fossils are listed as the most world heritage sites, excavated in Shanwang village, 20 kilometers east of Linqu County. During this period, various animal and plant fossils of 18 million years ago are preserved. These fossils are various, exquisite and intact, with clear and vivid impressions. They are known as "fossil treasure house" and "ten thousand volumes of books". They are a natural museum of paleontological fossils. There are more than 10 families and more than 400 species. Plant fossils include mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms; animal fossils include insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Shanwang fossils, such as Toona sinensis, walnuts, insects, basaltic frogs, mantis, salamanders, turtles, birds, wild boars, trigonometric deer, slender rhinoceros pentagonus, Oriental bear and so on, have become important tourist commodities and are widely collected. Chengjiang fauna, a famous fossil of Chengjiang fauna, was discovered in Maotian mountain, Chengjiang County, Yunnan Province. This is the oldest and best preserved mollusk fossil group in the world. In the 10 years since the discovery of the "Naro worm" in 1984, more than 50 scientists from nearly 10 countries have collected about 50000 fossils in this area. They belong to sponges, coelenterates, vermiculars, arthropods, brachiopods and other phyla or phyla, and some animals can not be classified because they have never been seen before. Scientists have found more than 80 kinds of animals in more than 40 categories in the Orange River fossils. Yunnan insects in the Orange River fossil group have been proved to be the oldest hemizoan on the earth, thus solving one of the most difficult problems in the theory of biological evolution, that is, the evolutionary relationship between vertebrates and invertebrates.
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)化生命科學(xué)上具有極為重要的意義。橙江動(dòng)物化石群的發(fā)現(xiàn)被國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界列為“20世紀(jì)重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)之一”。恐龍是爬行動(dòng)物中的一個(gè)龐大家族，生活在距今2.25億－0.65億年前的大陸上，曾經(jīng)統(tǒng)治地球達(dá)1.6億年之久。專家認(rèn)為，地球生活過(guò)的恐龍有900－1200個(gè)屬。人類發(fā)現(xiàn)恐龍化石已有180多年的歷史。100多年來(lái)，恐龍一直是古生物學(xué)界和全人類最有興趣的話題之一。化石產(chǎn)地我國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)的恐龍化石產(chǎn)地很多，并很有特色，主要分布在黑龍江嘉陰一帶，四川自貢及四川盆地其他地區(qū)，山東諸城，內(nèi)蒙古二連浩特鹽池和查干諾爾，廣東南雄，山西天鎮(zhèn)，河南西峽、內(nèi)鄉(xiāng)，新疆準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地，以及廣西撫綏，浙江永康，貴州等地。我國(guó)鳥類化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)已有幾十年的歷史。鳥化石種類很多，僅周口店鳥類群就有鳥化石122種。近年來(lái)，遼寧西部北票中華龍鳥化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，一舉打破了德國(guó)在早期鳥類化石方面的壟斷地位。初步認(rèn)為鳥類是由小型恐龍演化而來(lái)，其科學(xué)價(jià)值無(wú)法估量。中華龍鳥是鳥類真正始祖，其發(fā)現(xiàn)，有力地支持了鳥類系由小型獸腳類恐龍演化而來(lái)的學(xué)說(shuō)，并將原始鳥類演化歷史分為四個(gè)階段：中華龍鳥期－始祖鳥期－孔子鳥期－真鳥期。四個(gè)階段的代表在遼寧西部都有發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)引起世界轟動(dòng)。在我國(guó)有多處發(fā)現(xiàn)，除具有科研價(jià)值外，還有重要的觀賞價(jià)值。主要化石產(chǎn)地有：內(nèi)蒙古扎賚諾爾松花江猛瑪象，它是我國(guó)最大的古象化石，化石全長(zhǎng)9米，身高4.7米。甘肅合水縣板橋“黃河劍齒象”，它是世界上個(gè)體最大、保存最完整的劍齒象化石。同時(shí)出土的還有鴕鳥、三趾馬、羚羊等。
This discovery is of great significance in evolutionary life science. The discovery of the Orange River fauna is listed as "one of the major scientific discoveries of the 20th century" by the international academic community. Dinosaurs are a large family of reptiles. They lived on the continent 225-65 million years ago and once ruled the earth for 160 million years. Experts believe that there are 900-1200 genera of dinosaurs living on the earth. Dinosaur fossils have been discovered for more than 180 years. For more than 100 years, dinosaurs have been one of the most interesting topics in paleontology and human beings. There are many dinosaur fossils found in China. They are mainly distributed in Jiayin of Heilongjiang, Zigong of Sichuan and other areas of Sichuan Basin, Zhucheng of Shandong, Yanchi and Chagannuoer of Erlianhaote of Inner Mongolia, Nanxiong of Guangdong, Tianzhen of Shanxi, Xixia and Neixiang of Henan, Junggar basin of Xinjiang, Fusui of Guangxi, Yongkang of Zhejiang and Guizhou. The discovery of bird fossils in China has a history of several decades. There are many kinds of bird fossils. There are 122 kinds of bird fossils in Zhoukoudian bird group alone. In recent years, the discovery of Sinosauropteryx fossils in Beipiao, western Liaoning Province, has broken Germany's monopoly on early bird fossils. It is preliminarily believed that birds evolved from small dinosaurs, and its scientific value is inestimable. The discovery of Sinosauropteryx is the true ancestor of birds, which strongly supports the theory that birds evolved from small theropod dinosaurs, and divides the evolution history of primitive birds into four stages: Sinosauropteryx stage - Archaeopteryx stage - Confucius stage - eubird stage. Representatives of the four stages have been found in western Liaoning. These discoveries caused a sensation in the world. It has been found in many places in China, which not only has scientific research value, but also has important ornamental value. The main fossil producing areas are: mengma elephant in Songhua River, ZALAINUOER, Inner Mongolia. It is the largest fossil of ancient elephant in China, with a total length of 9 meters and a height of 4.7 meters. The Yellow River Stegodon in Banqiao, Heshui County, Gansu Province is the largest and most complete preserved fossil in the world. At the same time, ostrich, three toed horse, antelope and so on were unearthed.
此件是屬于古生物化石，難得是有多個(gè)細(xì)小生物組合成一體，以玉化的精美化石。能達(dá)到玉化程度是需要上億萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間。這也于地質(zhì)作用形成并賦存于地層中的生物遺體和活動(dòng)遺跡，包括植物、無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物、脊椎動(dòng)物等化石及其遺跡化石。它們是經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)地質(zhì)作用形成的、不可再生的地質(zhì)遺跡，是國(guó)家寶貴的自然遺產(chǎn)。有很高的收藏研究?jī)r(jià)值。
This is a fossil belonging to paleontology. It is rare that there are many small organisms combined into one, which is a beautiful fossil made of jade. It will take hundreds of millions of years to reach the jade level. This is also due to the biological remains and active traces formed by geological processes and existing in the strata, including plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and their trace fossils. They are non renewable geological relics formed by long geological process, and are precious natural heritage of our country. It has high collection and research value.
