明清玉器千姿百態(tài)，造型各異。清代玉工善于借鑒繪畫(huà)、雕刻、工藝美術(shù)的成就，集陰線、陽(yáng)線、鏤空、俏色等多種傳統(tǒng)做工及歷代的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格之大成，又吸收了外來(lái)藝術(shù)影響并加以糅合變通，創(chuàng)造并發(fā)展了工藝性、裝飾性極強(qiáng)的治玉工藝，有著鮮明的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)和較高的藝術(shù)造詣。明清時(shí)期玉器與社會(huì)文化生活的關(guān)系日臻密切，爐、薰、瓶、鼎、簋等仿古造型的玉器層出不窮。玉質(zhì)的茶酒具非常盛行。文人在書(shū)齋作畫(huà)、書(shū)寫(xiě)，往往也用玉來(lái)做筆洗、水注、筆筒、墨床、鎮(zhèn)紙、臂擱等文具，或以玉器裝飾陳設(shè)。由于玉材的不同，琢玉工具和琢玉技巧的不同，加上審美情趣和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的不同，每個(gè)時(shí)期玉器的造型及主題風(fēng)格也是千姿百態(tài)各具特色。
Jade articles in Ming and Qing Dynasties are of various shapes. Jade workers in Qing Dynasty are good at drawing lessons from the achievements of painting, carving and arts and crafts, integrating various traditional workmanship such as Yin line, Yang line, hollow out, pretty color and artistic styles of all previous dynasties, absorbing foreign artistic influences and blending them, creating and developing a highly artistic and decorative jade treatment process, which has distinct characteristics of the times and higher artistic attainments. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the relationship between jade articles and social and cultural life became closer and closer, and jade articles with antique shapes such as furnace, fumigating, bottle, tripod and reed appeared one after another. Jade tea and wine utensils are very popular. Scholars often use jade as stationery such as pen washing, water injection, pen container, ink bed, paperweight, arm rest, etc. when painting and writing in study, or decorate and display with jade articles. Because of the different jade materials, different tools and techniques for cutting jade, and different aesthetic tastes and customs, the shapes and theme styles of jade articles in each period are different.
乾隆孝粉玉碗是乾隆年間的一種玉碗，底部刻著篆字，上書(shū)“乾隆年制”，后有有人誤念成“乾隆孝粉”，因名字通俗易解而流傳。乾隆孝粉玉碗乃是乾隆皇帝他母親當(dāng)時(shí)生病,經(jīng)過(guò)御醫(yī)治療研發(fā)中藥必須配合玉器使用才能達(dá)到最佳療效。為此乾隆皇帝連夜命令工匠趕制出玉碗-玉蝶-玉杯-玉瓶等。后期被后人譽(yù)為“乾隆孝粉”。
Ganlongxiaofen jade bowl is a kind of jade bowl in Qianlong period, with seal characters engraved on the bottom, saying "Ganlongnianzhi", and then some people mistakenly read it as "Ganlongxiaofen", which spread because its name is popular and easy to understand. Ganlongxiao Powder Jade Bowl is the Emperor Qianlong. His mother was ill at that time. After being treated by imperial doctors, the research and development of Chinese medicine must be combined with jade to achieve the best curative effect. For this reason, Emperor Qianlong ordered craftsmen to make jade bowls-jade butterflies-jade cups-jade bottles overnight. Later, it was praised as "Ganlongxiao Powder" by later generations.
此器，圓唇直口，弧壁，圈足。石質(zhì)細(xì)膩溫潤(rùn)，琢工精細(xì)。碗的內(nèi)外部有花紋，有玉質(zhì)光感另外。“乾隆孝粉”(實(shí)際是“乾隆年制”)主要是玉碗，幾乎沒(méi)有其他造型。暗刻淺浮雕花卉紋，雕工精細(xì)極致，底款書(shū)“乾隆年制”四字篆書(shū)，工藝十分復(fù)雜，就算在當(dāng)時(shí)宮廷也是稀有之物，極具收藏價(jià)值。
This device has a round lip and a straight mouth, an arc wall and a circle foot. The stone is delicate and warm, and the cutting work is fine. There are patterns on the inside and outside of the bowl, and there is a sense of jade light. "Ganlongxiaofen" (actually, "Ganlongnianzhi") is mainly a jade bowl with almost no other shapes. The bas-relief flower pattern was secretly engraved, and the carvers were extremely fine. The basic book "Qianlong Nianzhi" was a four-character seal script, and the process was very complicated. Even at that time, the court was a rare thing with great collection value.
乾隆皇帝是我國(guó)古代最?lèi)?ài)玉的帝王。歷史上再?zèng)]有哪位帝王，象乾隆帝那樣，對(duì)玉器的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究投入如此大的精力。他愛(ài)玉、藏玉、甚至在玉器制作上親力親為。他在位期間是清宮收藏古玉最多的時(shí)期。
Emperor Qianlong was the emperor who loved jade most in ancient China. No emperor in history has devoted so much energy to the understanding and research of jade like Emperor Qianlong. He loves jade, hides jade, and even makes jade articles himself. During his reign, the Qing Palace collected the most ancient jade.
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