【藏 品
稱】： 宣統(tǒng)元寶 【藏 品 年 代】： 清代
[Collection name]: Xuantong ingot [collection date]: the Qing dynasty
【藏 品 類 型】: 錢 幣 【藏 品 信 息】: 直徑：4.8厘米 重量：26.7克
Collection type: Coins ··· [collection message]: diameter: 4.8cm, weight: 26.7g
清代貨幣、紙鈔、銅幣并行，至嘉慶年間發(fā)行新式銀元，而光緒年間鑄行金、銀幣更多。洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)也影響到鑄幣業(yè)，
兩廣總督張之洞曾于光緒十三年（1887年）委托使英大臣在英國(guó)訂購(gòu)全套造幣機(jī)器，并在廣東錢局首鑄機(jī)制銀元和銅元。其后，各省紛紛仿效，購(gòu)制國(guó)外機(jī)械鑄造銀、銅元。包括廣東錢局在內(nèi)，許多造幣機(jī)均訂購(gòu)自著名的英國(guó)倫敦伯明翰造幣有限公司。英國(guó)大工業(yè)的介入，使銀幣也沾染上西方色彩。
宣統(tǒng)登基后，開始鑄造宣統(tǒng)年號(hào)銀圓。
1889年，兩廣總督張之洞在廣東設(shè)造幣廠鑄造銀元。幣面中央是漢文“光緒元寶”四字，周圍有九個(gè)漢字“廣東省庫(kù)平七錢三分”，后改為七錢二分；背面為蟠龍花紋及英文，通稱“龍洋”。曾委托匯豐銀行代鑄，并定出鑄幣章程，規(guī)定它的輕重大小及配合成色。分為五等：每元重七錢二分，配96%--97%足銀；次則三錢六分，減配96%--96%.7成足銀；再次則一錢四分四厘、七分二厘、三分六厘三種，均減配96%--96.4%足銀。這五等即是后來(lái)通稱的“一元”、“半元”（五角）、“二角”、“一角”及“五分”銀幣。起初僅在廣東、福建、天津等處流通，后來(lái)盛行于上海，這是中國(guó)自鑄近代銀元的開始。
此后，各省群起設(shè)廠自鑄。1894年中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前后，輿論對(duì)自鑄銀元特別支持，康有為等紛紛上書稱頌廣東、湖北鑄幣的成效，痛陳洋錢侵蝕之害，認(rèn)為自鑄可以消除銀兩解庫(kù)出入之弊，調(diào)劑錢之不足，可收利權(quán)，裕國(guó)利民。有些政府官員還認(rèn)為是解決財(cái)政困難的救急良策。大利所在，不待清廷下令推廣，很快就在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)展開。1899年已有十多個(gè)省區(qū)設(shè)廠鼓鑄銀元。
各省各自為政，管理混亂，銀元原來(lái)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)被削弱，形式、重量、成色各省不同，有的差距較大，導(dǎo)致各種銀元的市價(jià)漲落不定。各省銀元都標(biāo)上了本省省名，因品質(zhì)不一，互相抵制，流通不暢。各省濫鑄，數(shù)量過(guò)剩。
清廷企圖把銀元鑄造權(quán)收歸中央，獨(dú)占鑄幣盈利。光緒二十五年下令除廣東、湖北兩局外，其余全部裁撤。但這個(gè)措施立即遭到地方勢(shì)力反對(duì)。于是清廷又準(zhǔn)許增加北洋、南洋和吉林三局。1905年又設(shè)鑄造銀錢總廠于天津，鑄造金銀銅三品貨幣。只留北洋、南洋、廣東、湖北四局作為分廠。
“光緒元寶”洋元出現(xiàn)不久，清朝朝野上下發(fā)生了銀元以“兩”還是以“元”為單位的爭(zhēng)論，幣制未能統(tǒng)一。多數(shù)造幣廠鑄造七錢二分銀元，少數(shù)造幣廠在光緒三十三年（1907年）清政府制定“銀幣分量成色章程”法定銀元為庫(kù)平壹兩后，鑄行了部分 “庫(kù)平壹兩” “光緒元寶”。以慈禧太后為首的人認(rèn)為，銀兩是祖宗成法，過(guò)去仿鑄洋元，乃一時(shí)權(quán)宜之計(jì)，不可作為定制，并攻擊“元單位”是“上損國(guó)體，下失民信，內(nèi)便中飽，外長(zhǎng)漏卮”。竭力主張以兩為單位。以度支部尚書載澤和新官僚盛宣懷為首的元單位派則竭力主張：“不用兩錢分厘名目，只須以枚計(jì)算，期與他國(guó)貨幣相通。為金本位之準(zhǔn)備，不宜執(zhí)行舊日成規(guī)。而銀錢流轉(zhuǎn)，以商家貿(mào)易、民間日用為大宗。國(guó)家稅收特其一端，若概用一兩幣制，揆之國(guó)計(jì)民生程度未能盡合。且貨幣通弊，重則私熔，亦須預(yù)防。”并從分量、成色、幣制搭配和市面流通四個(gè)方面分析“兩單位”不及“元單位”。他們一方面頂住“上諭”，一方面采用迂回戰(zhàn)術(shù)，繼續(xù)大造輿論，主張繼續(xù)鑄行龍洋，并于1907年擬訂“鑄造新銀幣分量，成色章程”五條，開始在天津廠試鑄重七錢二分的銀元。
1908年年底，清政府先后兩次把銀元單位問(wèn)題征求全國(guó)二十四個(gè)督撫的意見。贊成“兩”單位的十二人，“元”單位的九人，兩、元并用的三人。度支部主張?jiān)O(shè)立幣制調(diào)查局來(lái)廣泛收集各方意見。不久慈禧、光緒病故，政局變動(dòng)， “元”單位趁亂出了頭。盛宣懷為載澤出謀：幣制尚待調(diào)查，而民生日用所需，不可一日無(wú)交易之物，可暫時(shí)先照早已通用的銀元（即龍洋），成色96%--97%分量不變。
他們還擬訂統(tǒng)一幣制辦法，由中央銀行統(tǒng)一幣制。在辦法中設(shè)計(jì)的紙幣、金幣、銀幣和鎳銅幣，完全采用西法。其中銀元分五等，一元銀幣重七錢二分，含純銀六錢四分八厘。接著發(fā)動(dòng)上海總商會(huì)上書清廷，強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)鑄一兩重銀幣。在內(nèi)外夾攻下，攝政王企圖行新政收買人心，令度支部再議幣制，載澤就全盤否定了兩單位。
因此，在宣統(tǒng)年代，只有七錢二分的“宣統(tǒng)元寶”銀元，而沒有一兩的“宣統(tǒng)元寶”銀元。
In the Qing Dynasty, currency, paper money, and copper coins were parallel, and a new type of silver dollar was issued during Jiaqing, and more gold and silver coins were cast during the Guangxu period. The Westernization Movement also affected the coinage industry,
The Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Zhang Zhidong, had commissioned the British Minister to order a full set of coinage machines in the United Kingdom in the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887), and first made machine-made silver and copper dollars at the Guangdong Money Bureau. Since then, the provinces have followed suit and purchased foreign machinery to cast silver and copper dollars. Including the Guangdong Money Bureau, many mints were ordered from the famous Birmingham Mint Ltd. in London, England. The involvement of British industry has made silver coins also contaminated with Western colors.
After Xuantong was enthroned, he began to cast Xuantong Year Number Silver Circle.
In 1889, Governor Zhang Zhidong of Guangdong and Guangxi set up a mint in Guangdong to cast silver dollars. In the center of the coin face is the Chinese character "Guangxu Yuanbao", surrounded by nine Chinese characters "Guangdong Kuping seven money three points", which was later changed to seven money two points; the back is the dragon pattern and English, commonly known as "Long Yang". He once entrusted HSBC to replace the coin and set out the regulations for coinage, stipulating its weight, size and color. Divided into five grades: each dollar weighs seven cents and two points, with 96% -97% of pure silver; the second is three cents and six points, with a reduction of 96%-96%. 70% of pure silver; once again, one cent and four cents There are 96% -96.4% reduction in pure silver in three centimetres, seven cents two cents and three cents six cents. These fifth grades were later known as "one dollar", "half yuan" (five cents), "two cents", "one dime" and "five cents" silver coins. At first, it was only circulated in Guangdong, Fujian, Tianjin and other places, and later it was popular in Shanghai. This is the beginning of China's self-casting of modern silver dollars.
Since then, various provinces have set up factories to self-cast. Before and after the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, public opinion gave special support to the self-produced silver dollar. Kang Youwei and others wrote to praise the effectiveness of Guangdong and Hubei's coinage, and suffered from the erosion of foreign money. Insufficient, the right to profit can be collected, the country can benefit the people. Some government officials also believe that it is a good first aid for solving financial difficulties. Da Li is not waiting for the Qing court to order promotion, and it will soon start nationwide. In 1899, more than ten provinces and autonomous regions have set up factories to cast silver dollars.
Each province has its own policies and management is chaotic. The original advantages of the silver dollar are weakened. The form, weight and quality of the province are different. Some of the gaps are large, resulting in the fluctuation of the market price of various silver dollars. Each province's silver dollar is marked with the name of the province, because of the different quality, they resist each other and the circulation is not smooth. The provinces are indiscriminately casting, and the quantity is surplus.
The Qing court attempted to recapture the silver coin casting rights to the central government and monopolize the profitability of the coinage. In the twenty-five years of Guangxu, all but Guangdong and Hubei were ordered to be abolished. But this measure was immediately opposed by local forces. So the Qing court approved the addition of Beiyang, Nanyang and Jilin. In 1905, the foundry of casting silver money was established in Tianjin to cast gold, silver, copper and third-grade currency. Only the four bureaus of Beiyang, Nanyang, Guangdong and Hubei are left as branches.
Soon after the appearance of the "Guangxu Yuanbao" foreign currency, there was a dispute between the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty about whether the silver dollar was based on "two" or "yuan", and the currency system could not be unified. Most mints minted seven yuan and two cents of silver dollars, and a few mints made a part of the "Kuping One" after the Qing government in the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907) enacted the "Silver Coin Weights Charter" as the legal silver dollar. Two "" Guangxu Yuanbao ". The people headed by the Empress Dowager Cixi believed that the silver and silver were the ancestors ’laws. In the past, the imitation of foreign currency was a temporary expediency and could not be used as a custom. , The foreign minister leaks. " Try to advocate two units. The meta-unit faction headed by Shang Shuzai Ze and the new bureaucracy Sheng Xuanhuai tried to advocate: "There is no need to use two cents for the item. It only needs to be counted in pieces, and the period is connected to the currency of other countries. For the preparation of the gold standard, it is not appropriate to implement the old rules. The circulation of silver money is mainly based on merchant trade and private daily use. One end of the country ’s tax revenue, if one or two currencies are used, the degree of national economy and people ’s livelihood cannot be matched. And currency deficiencies, more importantly, private financing, must also be prevented. It also analyzes that "two units" are inferior to "yuan units" in terms of weight, quality, currency mix and market circulation. On the one hand, they withstood the "Shangyu", on the other hand, they adopted roundabout tactics, continued to create public opinion, and advocated continuing to cast Longyang. In 1907, they formulated five "casting new silver coin weights and color regulations" and began trial casting at the Tianjin factory. Seven dollars and two cents of silver dollars.
At the end of 1908, the Qing government twice sought the opinions of the 24 governors of the country on the issue of silver dollar units. Twelve people in favor of the "two" unit, nine people in the "yuan" unit, and three people using two and two yuan together. The degree branch advocates the establishment of a currency investigation bureau to collect opinions from all parties. Soon Cixi and Guangxu died, and the political situation changed, and the "Yuan" unit took advantage of the chaos. Sheng Xuanhuai conspired for Zai Ze: the currency system is yet to be investigated, and it is not necessary for people ’s birthdays to have no transactions in one day. You can temporarily take the silver dollar (that is, Longyang) that has been used for a while, and the color is 96% -97%. change.
They also worked out a unified currency system, with the central bank unifying the currency system. The banknotes, gold coins, silver coins, and nickel-copper coins designed in the method are completely Western-style. Among them, the silver dollar is divided into five grades, the one dollar silver coin weighs seven cents and two cents, and the pure silver contains six cents and four cents. Then he mobilized the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce to write to the Qing court and strongly opposed casting one or two heavy silver coins. Under the attack from inside and outside, the regent king tried to adopt the New Deal to buy people's hearts, so that the branch would discuss the currency system again, and Zai Ze denied all two units.
Therefore, in the Xuantong era, there were only seven yuan and two cents of "Xuantong Yuanbao" silver dollars, but no one or two "Xuantong Yuanbao" silver dollars.
2020年4月25日
