1. redis中的鏈表
在redis中鏈表的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,例如列表鍵的底層實(shí)現(xiàn)之一就是鏈表。而且,在redis中的鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)被實(shí)現(xiàn)成為雙向鏈表,因此,在頭部和尾部進(jìn)行的操作就會(huì)非常快。通過列表鍵的命令感受一下雙向鏈表
127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH list a b c //依次在鏈表頭部插入a、b、c (integer) 3 127.0.0.1:6379> RPUSH list d e f //依次在鏈表尾部插入d、e、f (integer) 6 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE list 0 -1 //查看list的值 1) "c" 2) "b" 3) "a" 4) "d" 5) "e" 6) "f"
2. 鏈表的實(shí)現(xiàn)
2.1 鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)
每個(gè)鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)由adlist.h/listNode來表示
typedef struct listNode {
struct listNode *prev; //前驅(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn),如果是list的頭結(jié)點(diǎn),則prev指向NULL
struct listNode *next;//后繼節(jié)點(diǎn),如果是list尾部結(jié)點(diǎn),則next指向NULL
void *value; //萬能指針,能夠存放任何信息
} listNode;
listNode結(jié)構(gòu)通過prev和next指針就組成了雙向鏈表。剛才通過列表鍵生成的雙向鏈表如下圖
使用雙向鏈表的好處:
- prev和next指針:獲取某個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的前驅(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn)和后繼節(jié)點(diǎn)復(fù)雜度為O(1)。
2.2%20表頭的實(shí)現(xiàn)
redis還提供了一個(gè)表頭,用于存放上面雙向鏈表的信息,它由adlist.h/list結(jié)構(gòu)表示:
typedef%20struct%20list%20{
%20listNode%20*head;%20//鏈表頭結(jié)點(diǎn)指針
%20listNode%20*tail;%20//鏈表尾結(jié)點(diǎn)指針
%20//下面的三個(gè)函數(shù)指針就像類中的成員函數(shù)一樣
%20void%20*(*dup)(void%20*ptr);%20//復(fù)制鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)保存的值
%20void%20(*free)(void%20*ptr);%20//釋放鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)保存的值
%20int%20(*match)(void%20*ptr,%20void%20*key);%20//比較鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)所保存的節(jié)點(diǎn)值和另一個(gè)輸入的值是否相等
%20unsigned%20long%20len;%20//鏈表長度計(jì)數(shù)器
}%20list;
利用list表頭管理鏈表信息的好處:
head和tail指針:對于鏈表的頭結(jié)點(diǎn)和尾結(jié)點(diǎn)操作的復(fù)雜度為O(1)。
len 鏈表長度計(jì)數(shù)器:獲取鏈表中節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量的復(fù)雜度為O(1)。
dup、free和match指針:實(shí)現(xiàn)多態(tài),鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)listNode使用萬能指針void *保存節(jié)點(diǎn)的值,而表頭list使用dup、free和match指針來針對鏈表中存放的不同對象從而實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的方法
3. 鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)源碼剖析
3.1 adlist.h文件
針對list結(jié)構(gòu)和listNode結(jié)構(gòu)的賦值和查詢操作使用宏進(jìn)行封裝,而且一下操作的復(fù)雜度均為O(1)。
#define listLength(l) ((l)->len) //返回鏈表l節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量
#define listFirst(l) ((l)->head) //返回鏈表l的頭結(jié)點(diǎn)地址
#define listLast(l) ((l)->tail) //返回鏈表l的尾結(jié)點(diǎn)地址
#define listPrevNode(n) ((n)->prev) //返回節(jié)點(diǎn)n的前驅(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn)地址
#define listNextNode(n) ((n)->next) //返回節(jié)點(diǎn)n的后繼節(jié)點(diǎn)地址
#define listNodeValue(n) ((n)->value) //返回節(jié)點(diǎn)n的節(jié)點(diǎn)值
#define listSetDupMethod(l,m) ((l)->dup = (m)) //設(shè)置鏈表l的復(fù)制函數(shù)為m方法
#define listSetFreeMethod(l,m) ((l)->free = (m)) //設(shè)置鏈表l的釋放函數(shù)為m方法
#define listSetMatchMethod(l,m) ((l)->match = (m)) //設(shè)置鏈表l的比較函數(shù)為m方法
#define listGetDupMethod(l) ((l)->dup) //返回鏈表l的賦值函數(shù)
#define listGetFree(l) ((l)->free) //返回鏈表l的釋放函數(shù)
#define listGetMatchMethod(l) ((l)->match) //返回鏈表l的比較函數(shù)
鏈表操作的函數(shù)原型(Prototypes):
list *listCreate(void); //創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表頭 void listRelease(list *list); //釋放list表頭和鏈表 list *listAddNodeHead(list *list, void *value); //將value添加到list鏈表的頭部 list *listAddNodeTail(list *list, void *value); //將value添加到list鏈表的尾部 list *listInsertNode(list *list, listNode *old_node, void *value, int after);//在list中,根據(jù)after在old_node節(jié)點(diǎn)前后插入值為value的節(jié)點(diǎn)。 void listDelNode(list *list, listNode *node); //從list刪除node節(jié)點(diǎn) listIter *listGetIterator(list *list, int direction); //為list創(chuàng)建一個(gè)迭代器iterator listNode *listNext(listIter *iter); //返回迭代器iter指向的當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)并更新iter void listReleaseIterator(listIter *iter); //釋放iter迭代器 list *listDup(list *orig); //拷貝表頭為orig的鏈表并返回 listNode *listSearchKey(list *list, void *key); //在list中查找value為key的節(jié)點(diǎn)并返回 listNode *listIndex(list *list, long index); //返回下標(biāo)為index的節(jié)點(diǎn)地址 void listRewind(list *list, listIter *li); //將迭代器li重置為list的頭結(jié)點(diǎn)并且設(shè)置為正向迭代 void listRewindTail(list *list, listIter *li); //將迭代器li重置為list的尾結(jié)點(diǎn)并且設(shè)置為反向迭代 void listRotate(list *list); //將尾節(jié)點(diǎn)插到頭結(jié)點(diǎn)
3.2 鏈表迭代器
在adlist.h文件中,使用C語言實(shí)現(xiàn)了迭代器,源碼如下:
typedef struct listIter {
listNode *next; //迭代器當(dāng)前指向的節(jié)點(diǎn)(名字叫next有點(diǎn)迷惑)
int direction; //迭代方向,可以取以下兩個(gè)值:AL_START_HEAD和AL_START_TAIL
} listIter
#define AL_START_HEAD 0 //正向迭代:從表頭向表尾進(jìn)行迭代
#define AL_START_TAIL 1 //反向迭代:從表尾到表頭進(jìn)行迭代
在listDup函數(shù)中就使用了迭代器,listDup函數(shù)的定義如下:
//listDup的功能是拷貝一份鏈表
list *listDup(list *orig)
{
list *copy;
listIter *iter;
listNode *node;
if ((copy = listCreate()) == NULL) //創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表頭
return NULL;
//設(shè)置新建表頭的處理函數(shù)
copy->dup = orig->dup;
copy->free = orig->free;
copy->match = orig->match;
//迭代整個(gè)orig的鏈表,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注此部分。
iter = listGetIterator(orig, AL_START_HEAD);//為orig定義一個(gè)迭代器并設(shè)置迭代方向,在c++中例如是 vector<int>::interator it;
while((node = listNext(iter)) != NULL) { //迭代器根據(jù)迭代方向不停迭代,相當(dāng)于++it
void *value;
//復(fù)制節(jié)點(diǎn)值到新節(jié)點(diǎn)
if (copy->dup) { //如果定義了list結(jié)構(gòu)中的dup指針,則使用該方法拷貝節(jié)點(diǎn)值。
value = copy->dup(node->value);
if (value == NULL) {
listRelease(copy);
listReleaseIterator(iter);
return NULL;
}
} else
value = node->value; //獲得當(dāng)前node的value值
if (listAddNodeTail(copy, value) == NULL) { //將node節(jié)點(diǎn)尾插到copy表頭的鏈表中
listRelease(copy);
listReleaseIterator(iter);
return NULL;
}
}
listReleaseIterator(iter); //自行釋放迭代器
return copy; //返回拷貝副本
迭代器的好處:
- 提供一種方法順序訪問一個(gè)聚合對象中各個(gè)元素, 而又不需暴露該對象的內(nèi)部表示。
- 將指針操作進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)一封裝,代碼可讀性增強(qiáng)。
3.3 adlist.c文件
剛才所有函數(shù)的定義如下:
list *listCreate(void) //創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表頭
{
struct list *list;
//為表頭分配內(nèi)存
if ((list = zmalloc(sizeof(*list))) == NULL)
return NULL;
//初始化表頭
list->head = list->tail = NULL;
list->len = 0;
list->dup = NULL;
list->free = NULL;
list->match = NULL;
return list; //返回表頭
}
/* Free the whole list.
*
* This function can't fail. */
void listRelease(list *list) //釋放list表頭和鏈表
{
unsigned long len;
listNode *current, *next;
current = list->head; //備份頭節(jié)點(diǎn)地址
len = list->len; //備份鏈表元素個(gè)數(shù),使用備份操作防止更改原有信息
while(len--) { //遍歷鏈表
next = current->next;
if (list->free) list->free(current->value); //如果設(shè)置了list結(jié)構(gòu)的釋放函數(shù),則調(diào)用該函數(shù)釋放節(jié)點(diǎn)值
zfree(current);
current = next;
}
zfree(list); //最后釋放表頭
}
/* Add a new node to the list, to head, containing the specified 'value'
* pointer as value.
*
* On error, NULL is returned and no operation is performed (i.e. the
* list remains unaltered).
* On success the 'list' pointer you pass to the function is returned. */
list *listAddNodeHead(list *list, void *value) //將value添加到list鏈表的頭部
{
listNode *node;
if ((node = zmalloc(sizeof(*node))) == NULL) //為新節(jié)點(diǎn)分配空間
return NULL;
node->value = value; //設(shè)置node的value值
if (list->len == 0) { //將node頭插到空鏈表
list->head = list->tail = node;
node->prev = node->next = NULL;
} else { //將node頭插到非空鏈表
node->prev = NULL;
node->next = list->head;
list->head->prev = node;
list->head = node;
}
list->len++; //鏈表元素計(jì)數(shù)器加1
return list;
}
/* Add a new node to the list, to tail, containing the specified 'value'
* pointer as value.
*
* On error, NULL is returned and no operation is performed (i.e. the
* list remains unaltered).
* On success the 'list' pointer you pass to the function is returned. */
list *listAddNodeTail(list *list, void *value) //將value添加到list鏈表的尾部
{
listNode *node;
if ((node = zmalloc(sizeof(*node))) == NULL) //為新節(jié)點(diǎn)分配空間
return NULL;
node->value = value; //設(shè)置node的value值
if (list->len == 0) { //將node尾插到空鏈表
list->head = list->tail = node;
node->prev = node->next = NULL;
} else { //將node頭插到非空鏈表
node->prev = list->tail;
node->next = NULL;
list->tail->next = node;
list->tail = node;
}
list->len++; //更新鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)計(jì)數(shù)器
return list;
}
list *listInsertNode(list *list, listNode *old_node, void *value, int after) //在list中,根據(jù)after在old_node節(jié)點(diǎn)前后插入值為value的節(jié)點(diǎn)。
{
listNode *node;
if ((node = zmalloc(sizeof(*node))) == NULL) //為新節(jié)點(diǎn)分配空間
return NULL;
node->value = value; //設(shè)置node的value值
if (after) { //after 非零,則將節(jié)點(diǎn)插入到old_node的后面
node->prev = old_node;
node->next = old_node->next;
if (list->tail == old_node) { //目標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)如果是鏈表的尾節(jié)點(diǎn),更新list的tail指針
list->tail = node;
}
} else { //after 為零,則將節(jié)點(diǎn)插入到old_node的前面
node->next = old_node;
node->prev = old_node->prev;
if (list->head == old_node) { //如果節(jié)點(diǎn)如果是鏈表的頭節(jié)點(diǎn),更新list的head指針
list->head = node;
}
}
if (node->prev != NULL) { //如果有,則更新node的前驅(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn)的指針
node->prev->next = node;
}
if (node->next != NULL) { //如果有,則更新node的后繼節(jié)點(diǎn)的指針
node->next->prev = node;
}
list->len++; //更新鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)計(jì)數(shù)器
return list;
}
/* Remove the specified node from the specified list.
* It's up to the caller to free the private value of the node.
*
* This function can't fail. */
void listDelNode(list *list, listNode *node) //從list刪除node節(jié)點(diǎn)
{
if (node->prev) //更新node的前驅(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn)的指針
node->prev->next = node->next;
else
list->head = node->next;
if (node->next) //更新node的后繼節(jié)點(diǎn)的指針
node->next->prev = node->prev;
else
list->tail = node->prev;
if (list->free) list->free(node->value); //如果設(shè)置了list結(jié)構(gòu)的釋放函數(shù),則調(diào)用該函數(shù)釋放節(jié)點(diǎn)值
zfree(node); //釋放節(jié)點(diǎn)
list->len--; //更新鏈表節(jié)點(diǎn)計(jì)數(shù)器
}
/* Returns a list iterator 'iter'. After the initialization every
* call to listNext() will return the next element of the list.
*
* This function can't fail. */
listIter *listGetIterator(list *list, int direction) //為list創(chuàng)建一個(gè)迭代器iterator
{
listIter *iter;
if ((iter = zmalloc(sizeof(*iter))) == NULL) return NULL; //為迭代器申請空間
if (direction == AL_START_HEAD) //設(shè)置迭代指針的起始位置
iter->next = list->head;
else
iter->next = list->tail;
iter->direction = direction; //設(shè)置迭代方向
return iter;
}
/* Release the iterator memory */
void listReleaseIterator(listIter *iter) { //釋放iter迭代器
zfree(iter);
}
/* Create an iterator in the list private iterator structure */
void listRewind(list *list, listIter *li) { //將迭代器li重置為list的頭結(jié)點(diǎn)并且設(shè)置為正向迭代
li->next = list->head; //設(shè)置迭代指針的起始位置
li->direction = AL_START_HEAD; //設(shè)置迭代方向從頭到尾
}
void listRewindTail(list *list, listIter *li) { //將迭代器li重置為list的尾結(jié)點(diǎn)并且設(shè)置為反向迭代
li->next = list->tail; //設(shè)置迭代指針的起始位置
li->direction = AL_START_TAIL; //設(shè)置迭代方向從尾到頭
}
/* Return the next element of an iterator.
* It's valid to remove the currently returned element using
* listDelNode(), but not to remove other elements.
*
* The function returns a pointer to the next element of the list,
* or NULL if there are no more elements, so the classical usage patter
* is:
*
* iter = listGetIterator(list,<direction>);
* while ((node = listNext(iter)) != NULL) {
* doSomethingWith(listNodeValue(node));
* }
*
* */
listNode *listNext(listIter *iter) //返回迭代器iter指向的當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)并更新iter
{
listNode *current = iter->next; //備份當(dāng)前迭代器指向的節(jié)點(diǎn)
if (current != NULL) {
if (iter->direction == AL_START_HEAD) //根據(jù)迭代方向更新迭代指針
iter->next = current->next;
else
iter->next = current->prev;
}
return current; //返回備份的當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)地址
}
/* Duplicate the whole list. On out of memory NULL is returned.
* On success a copy of the original list is returned.
*
* The 'Dup' method set with listSetDupMethod() function is used
* to copy the node value. Otherwise the same pointer value of
* the original node is used as value of the copied node.
*
* The original list both on success or error is never modified. */
list *listDup(list *orig) //拷貝表頭為orig的鏈表并返回
{
list *copy;
listIter *iter;
listNode *node;
if ((copy = listCreate()) == NULL) //創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表頭
return NULL;
//設(shè)置新建表頭的處理函數(shù)
copy->dup = orig->dup;
copy->free = orig->free;
copy->match = orig->match;
//迭代整個(gè)orig的鏈表
iter = listGetIterator(orig, AL_START_HEAD); //為orig定義一個(gè)迭代器并設(shè)置迭代方向
while((node = listNext(iter)) != NULL) { //迭代器根據(jù)迭代方向不停迭代
void *value;
//復(fù)制節(jié)點(diǎn)值到新節(jié)點(diǎn)
if (copy->dup) {
value = copy->dup(node->value); //如果定義了list結(jié)構(gòu)中的dup指針,則使用該方法拷貝節(jié)點(diǎn)值。
if (value == NULL) {
listRelease(copy);
listReleaseIterator(iter);
return NULL;
}
} else
value = node->value; //獲得當(dāng)前node的value值
if (listAddNodeTail(copy, value) == NULL) { //將node節(jié)點(diǎn)尾插到copy表頭的鏈表中
listRelease(copy);
listReleaseIterator(iter);
return NULL;
}
}
listReleaseIterator(iter); //自行釋放迭代器
return copy; //返回拷貝副本
}
/* Search the list for a node matching a given key.
* The match is performed using the 'match' method
* set with listSetMatchMethod(). If no 'match' method
* is set, the 'value' pointer of every node is directly
* compared with the 'key' pointer.
*
* On success the first matching node pointer is returned
* (search starts from head). If no matching node exists
* NULL is returned. */
listNode *listSearchKey(list *list, void *key) //在list中查找value為key的節(jié)點(diǎn)并返回
{
listIter *iter;
listNode *node;
iter = listGetIterator(list, AL_START_HEAD); //創(chuàng)建迭代器
while((node = listNext(iter)) != NULL) { //迭代整個(gè)鏈表
if (list->match) { //如果設(shè)置list結(jié)構(gòu)中的match方法,則用該方法比較
if (list->match(node->value, key)) {
listReleaseIterator(iter); //如果找到,釋放迭代器返回node地址
return node;
}
} else {
if (key == node->value) {
listReleaseIterator(iter);
return node;
}
}
}
listReleaseIterator(iter); //釋放迭代器
return NULL;
}
/* Return the element at the specified zero-based index
* where 0 is the head, 1 is the element next to head
* and so on. Negative integers are used in order to count
* from the tail, -1 is the last element, -2 the penultimate
* and so on. If the index is out of range NULL is returned. */
listNode *listIndex(list *list, long index) { //返回下標(biāo)為index的節(jié)點(diǎn)地址
listNode *n;
if (index < 0) {
index = (-index)-1; //如果下標(biāo)為負(fù)數(shù),從鏈表尾部開始
n = list->tail;
while(index-- && n) n = n->prev;
} else {
n = list->head; //如果下標(biāo)為正數(shù),從鏈表頭部開始
while(index-- && n) n = n->next;
}
return n;
}
/* Rotate the list removing the tail node and inserting it to the head. */
void listRotate(list *list) { //將尾節(jié)點(diǎn)插到頭結(jié)點(diǎn)
listNode *tail = list->tail;
if (listLength(list) <= 1) return; //只有一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)或空鏈表直接返回
/* Detach current tail */
list->tail = tail->prev; //取出尾節(jié)點(diǎn),更新list的tail指針
list->tail->next = NULL;
/* Move it as head */
list->head->prev = tail; //將節(jié)點(diǎn)插到表頭,更新list的head指針
tail->prev = NULL;
tail->next = list->head;
list->head = tail;
}






